Pestel Analysis, Adidas Essay Example

Pestel Analysis, Adidas Essay Example Pestel Analysis, Adidas Essay Pestel Analysis, Adidas Essay Pestel Analysis Political Adidas need to be aware of the political state of the UK, the same for the all other countries where they have bases. As if the government is unstable, or there are any controversial policies, they may have a bad affect on Adidas. There is a stable political situation in the UK, as it has a democratic government, a democratic government is one that is decided, by people voting on who they want to run the country. This means that if a dictatorship was to emerge and started making decisions that the public didn’t agree with they would simply be voted out at the next election. This is good for Adidas when operating in the UK, as it is fairly unlikely that the government would suddenly introduce any controversial policies. This will be good for my product as it gives it firm ground to work on. There are elections every four years in the UK, with the next one in May 2005. This keeps everything functioning properly within the UK, as the government aren’t very likely to introduce any controversial policies, as they would be voted out at the next election. This is good for Adidas, as it means that the government aren’t very likely to introduce any drastic policies, which may affect them. The government also offers subsidies if organisations set up factories in areas of high unemployment, such as the north east of England and south Wales. An example of this is Sony setting up a factory in Cardiff. However, I don’t feel this would benefit Adidas, as there aren’t any advanced skills required for manufacturing football boots, and would therefore be a lot cheaper for Adidas to manufacture their products in countries outside of the UK, where there is no minimum wage. The minimum wage is quite a major constraint for Adidas in the UK, as this means they can acquire labour at nowhere near the cost they could in countries where there is no minimum wage. If Adidas could acquire labour at the same cost as they do in other countries, this would allows Adidas to cut out the transport costs of moving the produce to the UK, and could be spent on funding new products such as my own. If the UK government were to put a quota on Adidas products imported, only allowing a certain amount of Adidas products to be brought into the country each year. Adidas could overcome this by situating a factory in the UK, eliminating the quota, as if the products were being produced in the UK, there would be no need for produce to be imported from other countries. This wouldn’t be good for Adidas as they would either have to sacrifice their cheap labour, or sacrifice sales by abiding to the quota, either way losing money. This would have a bad affect on my product as Adidas would have less money to promote it. If the UK government were to assume a more market economy, where producers make goods in order to make a profit, and the state intervenes very little, meaning no state benefits, doctors’ fees and dentist fees. This would have a mixed affect on Adidas, as the working class would have less money to spend on products like football boots, as they wouldn’t have previously being paying high taxes, and these relatively low taxes will be replaced with large fees, as nothing is provided free by the state; this would have a bad affect on Adidas as they would lose sales from this area of the market. However, the more upper class people would have more money to spend, as fees they have to pay would not be as much as the taxes they are used to paying and therefore would have more money to spend on products like football boot, meaning Adidas would receive a greater profit intake form this area of the market. Overall, I feel this odes not affect Adidas too much as the decrease in sales from the working class would be balanced out by the increase in sales from the higher class. Economic Adidas are also affected by the state of the economy in the UK. The interest rate in the UK is currently 4. 25%, however it was 3. 75% around 6 months ago, and is probably rising to 4. 5% in the near future. This shows that the interest rate is not very stable and will make it hard for Adidas to plan ahead in terms of budget. Also, if the interest rate is too high and keeps rising, then the demand for products will fall, as it makes saving more attractive, and borrowing more expensive. Whereas if the interest rate is too low, people are encouraged to spend, as saving isn’t attractive. This means that there is more money going round in the economy and makes goods seem cheaper, this is bad for the economy as it causes inflation to increase. This is why it is important that the interest rate is stable. The UK’s interest rate isn’t very stable at the moment because it is quickly increasing, meaning that it may affect Adidas in regards to their sales. This helped me decide on my pricing strategy of competitive pricing, where I set my price in line with my competitors’, as if their products are selling, then there must be people willing to pay that amount for a similar product. However, if the interest rates continue to rise, this will make saving more attractive and spending less attractive, therefore I may have to reduce the price of my product to encourage more sales. If sales drop there will be two options for me in terms of promoting my product; I could cut down the amount of promotions used to sell my product, to maximise my profits; or I could invest more money to promote my product more and hopefully gain more sales. Before the interest rates rise even more I will research into new, cheaper materials to use on my product, which will function the same as the current materials used. Therefore, if interest rates rise and there are less sales made at the current price, I can make a larger number of sales by lowering the price of my product, and with the cheaper materials, it will allow me to make the same profits. Due to high interest rates, sales may drop, so I will be making my product widely available to maximise sales, these places including high street sports shops, the Internet and mail order catalogues. This will allow the product to be available to a large amount of people and anyone that wants the product, will be able to buy it easily with no hassle. Due to the UK’s interest rate rising quickly, there isn’t much inflation of prices within the UK, meaning that Adidas will be able to purchase their goods at a cheap price. However, sales will drop, as customers will be tempted to save rather than spend. Also, other counties from which Adidas get their raw materials may have prices that fluctuate a lot. Therefore, this would mean that Adidas’s prices might also fluctuate and would make planning ahead hard. To add to this there will be exchange rates that may change a lot, and on top of this there is commission to pay exchanging money from one currency to another, making selling and buying products overseas more expensive for Adidas. Another economic factor to be considered by Adidas is taxation. Taxation comes in two forms, direct and indirect. Direct tax is tax that can’t be avoided, an example of this is PAYE (income tax), where a percentage of everyone’s earnings are taken from them, this affects people’s PDI (explained below). Indirect tax is tax that can be avoided. E. g. VAT on a product, as this can be avoided by not buying the product. Another influence that the economy may have on Adidas is unemployment. As, if unemployment is high, then there would be less demand for their goods, this is because if lots of people are unemployed, then they aren’t going to have much money to spend on luxury items. Whereas, if unemployment was low then there would be a higher demand as people have got more spare money to spend on luxury items. Personal disposable income (PDI) is also a factor, which could affect Adidas. Personal disposable income is the money that someone has left to spend after deductions (tax, bills, food etc. ) have been taken off their net income. PDI is affected by things such as interest rates, taxation and inflation, which I have explained above. Basically, if people have more PDI then the demand for Adidas’s products should increase, and decrease if people’s PDIs are lower, due to the same reason as unemployment. Social As the UK has a wide selection of people from different social backgrounds, Adidas need to be aware of things like people’s religion, race, culture, ducation levels, population, gender, age distribution, buying habits and lifestyle. Therefore, I need to promote my product so that it appeals to the different social backgrounds of the UK, as this will maximise my sales and enable my product to fulfil its potential market share. The UK is becoming more and more dependant on the Internet, this means that the methods in which people buy goods are changing. Rather than using the traditional method of going to shops and buying products, more and more people are buying goods from the Internet. This is because people have less time on their hands and the Internet is the quickest and easiest method in which to buy goods. Adidas need to recognise this fact and I will be selling my product online. Another method commonly used in the UK to buy goods is mail order; I will also be using this method of sale so that my product is widely available to people with different kinds of buying habits. Adidas also need to recognise the frequency, or how often people tend to buy certain goods. For example most people would buy 1 or 2 pairs of football boots per season. Taking this into consideration, I will be investing money into promoting my product in the pre-season stage, as this is the time in which most people buy their football boots. Also, I will be updating my product at this stage (pre-season) each year for the same reason as above. I feel Adidas have already noticed the times at which they receive the most sales, as they use lots of advertising campaigns in the pre-season stage and also before and during large international football competitions such as the World Cup and the European Championships. Religion and culture are also considerations within the social section. In the UK there are a variety of religions and cultures including Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Jews and many more. I need to be aware of this and try and make my product cater for all these different religions. In the UK, generally there is a high education level, meaning that people will be more demanding. Therefore, Adidas won’t be able to get away with things in the UK, which they possibly could in other countries with lower education standards, so I will be promoting my product in a way which is not cheesy’ and in a way which customers cannot tell that the promotion isn’t just about getting customers to buy it. Adidas need to be aware of the areas within the UK with the highest populations, such as London (and the south east), the Midlands and the northwest to name a few. With this information Adidas know the best places to sell their goods as the more people there are, the more potential customers there are to Adidas. When situating my product, in terms of where it will be sold, I will be situating my product in areas such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and other large cities in the UK, as there are the highest amounts of customers in these places, in comparison to the countryside, and therefore will receive higher numbers of sales in these areas. The age distribution of the UK is getting higher all the time, as life expectancy in the UK is ever-increasing due to advances in medical facilities and living standards. However, this wouldn’t be much of an issue to Adidas, this is because Adidas is a sports company, and the majority of the market for sportswear is in the younger end of the market. Therefore, this issue shouldn’t affect me too much, as I will be targeting younger age groups. Leisure time is another consideration for Adidas, as people are becoming busier and are not having much leisure time. Adidas is a sportswear company and most people play sport in their leisure time, and if people’s leisure time is decreasing they aren’t going to have as much time to play sports. Therefore, if people haven’t got as much time to play sports then the demand for sportswear will go down. I can combat this issue by intensive promotions of my product aimed at the younger end of the market as these people have the most spare time and are more likely to buy the product especially if the promotions appeal to them. The final point is the fast food culture, which is arising in the UK. More people are becoming obese from a young age and many of these people then do not play sport, this is going to have an affect on Adidas as there isn’t oing to be much demand from the increasing amount of obese people in the sportswear industry. This could also have the opposite affect; as people that are obese or overweight may take up sport to try and lose weight, this would be good for Adidas, as these people may buy Adidas products to perform sports in. Technological Technological advances in things like machinery will have an affect on Adidas. Therefore Adidas need to be tuned in to new technology, which can speed up production, save energy or cut down labour required. If they weren’t aware of new technology in machinery they may ultimately go out of business due to other firms becoming more efficient and gaining more of the market. I will be staying up to date with technological advances by investing money into research in these areas. However, if Adidas were to fall behind the latest technology, this would have a bad affect on all products produced by Adidas as it means competitors would be producing more, and if they are all being sold, making a higher profit and achieving a higher market share. Technological advances in the actual sportswear is always getting better, such as t-shirts that move sweat away from the body, football boots that allow you to kick the ball with more power, swerve and precision etc. Adidas must make sure they keep up to date with all these advances. Also, I need to include all the latest technologies and features on my product to keep up with the market. If I wasn’t to do this, my product wouldn’t receive nowhere near the profits that could be achieved if these new technologies were included, therefore my product would benefit by including the latest technologies. The Internet is becoming more widespread within the UK, with millions of people using it every day within the UK alone. Therefore, Adidas need to make sure that they keep up to date with the Internet all the time. Also, I will be utilising the Internet by selling my product via this channel. Again, if Adidas don’t keep up to date, competitors will go ahead of Adidas, making catching up even harder, and ultimately a loss in sales. Environmental Adidas’s raw materials for football boots are taken from animals. This source is not very likely to run out because animals keep on reproducing. However, this could lead to problems with environmental campaigners. Adidas need to research different materials that aren’t taken from animals to cut costs and reduce harm to animals. If they didn’t then it would cause people like environmental campaigners to stop buying Adidas products, meaning Adidas and specifically my product would lose sales. To add to this are the factories where Adidas produce their products, these are generally in less economically developed countries, such as Indonesia, China and Vietnam, and have very poor working conditions for employees and very low pay. This isn’t good for Adidas as they get bad publicity for this and then people stop buying their products. It is debatable in this situation, as if they continue to exploit workers, they will get cheaper labour but a slightly smaller amount of customers, or they could maximise the number of customers by paying workers higher wages, but then they would not get cheap production costs, either way Adidas are going to slightly lose some money. This would have a bad affect on my product, as Adidas would have less money available t fund my product. Legal Adidas need to beware of all legal aspects that may be linked to the sportswear industry, as Adidas could get hefty fines if they do not comply with the law, legal constraints to be considered include: Press Complaints Commission (PCC) Trade Descriptions Act Sales and Supply of Goods Act Competition Commission Radio Authority Independent Television Commission (ITC) Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) In order to follow rules and laws set by the Press Complaints Commission, Trade Descriptions Act and Sales and Supply of Goods Act, Adidas have to ensure their products are of a high quality by ensuring it is produced with high quality materials and by well trained personnel. If they weren’t to do this, less people would buy the products as they would be of a lower quality and also Adidas would get fined due to breaking the rules of the above laws and commissions. This would have a bad affect on my product, as there would be less money available to fund my product and any promotions I wish to initiate. When Adidas are advertising over the TV, they need to acquire a broadcasting license for the advertisement, to stay in line with rules set by the Independent Television Commission. To acquiring this license Adidas need to make sure that the advertisement had no verbally or sexually explicit content otherwise the advert wouldn’t have had a license granted, meaning that the advert wouldn’t be seen by anyone and this may be reflected in a drop in sales. Also, Adidas need to make sure all their promotions give a true representation the products being advertised, as to not break the laws of the Trade Descriptions Act. Adidas need to make sure all of their retailers have sufficient knowledge of Adidas products in order to obey the Trade Descriptions Act, as if Adidas give the retailers sufficient information and they give customers incorrect information about the product, then it is the retailer breaking the Trade Descriptions Act rather than the manufacturer. Finally, the Equal Opportunities Act needs to be considered by Adidas, this stops Adidas from discriminating against things like gender, race, disability and criminal records. As if Adidas didn’t do this a large number of people wouldn’t buy their products if Adidas were prejudice to their gender, race, disabilities etc, therefore, they would lose money, which could have been spent on funding my product.

Learn About Scarab Beetles of the Family Scarabaeidae

Learn About Scarab Beetles of the Family Scarabaeidae Scarab beetles include the biggest insects in the world, in terms of sheer mass. Scarabs were revered in ancient Egypt as symbols of resurrection. More than just powerhouses, scarab beetles serve important roles in the habitats where they live. The family Scarabaeidae includes dung beetles, June beetles, rhinoceros beetles, chafers, and flower scarabs. What Are Scarab Beetles? Most scarab beetles are robust, convex insects with brown or black coloring. Whatever the coloration, size, or shape, scarabs share a key common feature: lamellate antennae that can be closed tightly. The last 3 to 7 segments of each antenna form plates that can be expanded like a fan or folded together into a club. Scarab beetle larvae, called grubs, are c-shaped and usually live in the ground, feeding on roots. The grubs have a distinctive head capsule, and easy to identify legs on the thorax. The family of scarab beetles falls into the following classifications: Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeopteraFamily - Scarabaeidae What Do Scarab Beetles Eat? Most scarab beetles feed on a  decomposing matter such as dung, fungi, or carrion. This makes them valuable in their environments as they are a bit like the cleanup crew or garbage haulers of the animal kingdom. Other scarab beetles visit plants, feeding on pollen or sap. Flower scarabs are important pollinators, for example. Larvae feed on plant roots, carrion, or dung, depending on the type of scarab. The Life Cycle of Scarabs Like all beetles, scarabs undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Scarab beetles generally lay their eggs in the ground, in dung, or in other decomposing materials including carrion. In many species, the larvae feed on plant roots, though some feed directly on dung or carrion. In areas with cold winter climates, grubs typically move deeper into the soil to survive freezing temperatures. They then emerge as adults in early summer. Special Adaptations and Defenses Some male scarabs, such as rhinoceros or Hercules beetles, bear horns on their head or pronotum (the hard dorsal plate covering the head-body junction). The horns are used to spar with other males over food or females. Dung beetles excavate burrows below manure piles, then mold the dung into capsules in which they lay their eggs. The mother cares for her developing young by keeping the dung ball free of mold or fungi. The June beetle (or June bug) feeds at night and is attracted to light, which is why theyre often seen on warm evenings in early summer. The female can lay up to 200 small pearl-like eggs and the larvae feed on plant roots for three years before emerging as adults. Some plant-eating scarabs such as the rose chafer are poisonous to chickens and other poultry who eat them. Range and Distribution Some 20,000 species of scarab beetles inhabit terrestrial habitats around the world. Well over 1,500 species of Scarabaeidae live in North America.

My Success Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

My Success Strategies - Essay Example My ability to rise from failure, learn lessons from it and try all over again to me is the success. If however, I keep making the same mistakes over and over again that is the failure. That is why I have to come up with a strategy to ensure success. In its simplest form, the strategy is a bridge for getting from where you are today to where you want to go. Whether in business or in your personal life, the strategy is how you plan to get from your current position to your desired goals. Just as we need a strategy for business and academic success, we need to plan for our lives to be successful. Without a strategy to success, we allow all kinds of forces to push, pull, twist, and turn us into mental and emotional pretzels. Our inability to say â€Å"no† pushes us into time-wasting activities; a lack of strategic direction allows us to be pulled down a career path we never wanted; good intentions to volunteer in the community are twisted into negative comments when we’re not able to meet the time commitments; and we’re emotionally turned around when the relationship we let wither finally ends. With a solid strategy in place, however, we can harness the everyday forces to lead us where we want to go. I like to think of strategy as a bridge—a way to get from where you are to where you want to be. A bridge provides passage over a gap—something that’s missing. For many of us, there are gaps in our lives—things that are miss ing, things that we’d like to have more of, such as more time with family and friends, more purposeful work, a healthier lifestyle, and greater spirituality. The strategy can help us fill those gaps. I have created a five-step plan to achieve the kind of life that I want. This framework takes the foundational principles of business strategy and helps you apply them to your life. The result is a simple plan you can follow to become effective, successful, and happy at work and at home.  Ã‚  

Consumer Behaviour and Retail Marketing Strategy Essay

Consumer Behaviour and Retail Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Consumer behaviour refers to the overall attitude, preference, intention as well as the decision made by a consumer concerning the purchase of products or services in the market. The study of consumer behaviour aims at establishing the path that consumers follow in arriving at the decision to buy or not to buy a particular product from a range of similar products available in the market (Strack, Werth & Deutsch 2006). This knowledge is very important for any marketer in formulating the marketing strategy of his products and be able to predict what will happen in the future especially in a market environment chareacterised by stiff competition. This research will first demonstrate a clear understanding of consumer buying process and then propose a retail marketing strategy based on the theories of consumer behaviour. There are various factors that influence the decision making process of consumers ranging from internal, external, individual as well as environmental. However, these factors generally fall into three major classes; sociological, behavioural and economic factors (Strack, Werth & Deutsch 2006). It is very vital for any marketer to have a good knowledge of all these determinants to be able to predict the performance of his products in the market before introduction. Therefore, the best marketing strategy will come after a good understanding of the factors that influence consumers to buy, since the marketer will then know whether his products possess the characteristics that will influence consumers to buy his products or not. This refers to the influence of the members of the family, influence from group references and leaders opinions, influence from the social class as well as the culture of the people on the buying behaviour of consumers (Moutinho 1987). It is common knowledge that in every family there is the idea of specialisation and every family

Supply Chain Integration Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Integration Essay As a market leader in the fruit drinks industry, Delicious Fruity Company (DFC) offers fresh juice, long life fruit juice and juice concentrates to the consumer market. It has been establish in year 2001 located at Butterworth, Penang and with 12 years of experience, Delicious Fruity Company serve their consumers with the highest honour by practise continuous improvement and innovation in the fruit production process. The vision of Delicious Fruity Company is ‘To become one of the leading company in fruit beverage manufacturers and develop healthy and high quality products to serve our customers. ’ There is a wide distribution of network that enable customers to purchase fruit juice and juice concentrates of Delicious Fruity Company as the company situated their products in the most biggest supermarket in Malaysia which they are Tesco, Giant, Carrefour, Sunshine , Aeon, Jusco , Pacific and Econsave. The main consumer market that is target by Delicious Fruity Company is consumers in Malaysia which Delicious Fruity Company concentrate on local distribution channel. Description of Product According to The Times of India, benefits of drinking fruit juice such as oranges will keep your skin glow and keep you away from cold. Besides that, fruits juice contains essential nutrients that is much higher than a meal normally consumed by an individual. Delicious Fruity Company formulates fruits juices, long life fruit juice and juice concentrates that is high in nutrients and also quality as a promise to their customer where they think of quality, they will think of Delicious Fruity Company. They use fresh oranges, apples, lemons and etc. to extract the natural flavour of the fruit which there is no artificial flavouring used in the process of formulating the fruit juice and juice concentrates. This would reflect the safety of ingredient used by Delicious Fruity Company as it is insured from excessive use of chemical in their products. Problem Statement As mention before, Delicious Fruity Company use the extraction of fruits to transform the unprocessed fruit juice to become long life fruit juice. The main raw material that is largely used by Delicious Fruity would be fresh fruits like oranges, apples, lemons, grapes and etc. Repeated ordering from local growers below a significant time would likely to raise the cost of ordering, shipping and holding of fresh fruits and also the availability of materials which is always a major issue for Delicious Fruits Company. However, in the last two years, General Manager of Delicious Fruity Company, Ms Serena had come out with a plan which raw material would be order in bulk, which this idea would effectively help to brings down the figure of cost of ordering and shipping, ensure the availability of raw material but it would cause an increase in holding cost as those raw materials were about to keep under Delicious Fruity Company’s warehouse and facilities like huge refrigerator would have to be ready for the arrival of those fresh fruits. The benefit of the decision seems to be higher than the cost of the decision which in the end, Delicious Fruity Company started practice Ms Serena’s plan. Economies of scale would sound pleasant to Delicious Fruity Company but there is a serious problem arise from this decision which this approach creates overstocking problems, and as those fresh fruits are perishable commodities, the issue transform from bad to worse as the fruits lifespan ends. Proposal of Solution Nowadays, corporation with supply chain partners seems to be a new and better option for most of the company to run their businesses. The problem faced by Delicious Fruity Company would be able to be solve by using some of the strategies in supply chain integration which they are cross docking, collaborative, planning, forecasting, replenishment (CPFR) and joint product development. These strategies would be explain in details in the following paragraph. Cross Docking As cost of holding and handling materials is quite expensive which Delicious Fruity Company is not just pay for the rental of warehouse but they also pay for other overhead cost such as utilities of warehouse, insurance of raw materials and etc. Cross Docking would help to reduce this cost to minimum which cross docking is the practise of loading goods from an incoming truck and shift the goods directly in to another truck, trailers or rail cars. It is a combination of shipment and warehouse are not function as a storage house but it act as a distribution centre that receive shipment in bulk and break them into specific packaging and then send them out immediately to the manufacturer. As a fruit beverage manufacturing company, raw materials of Delicious Fruity Company are mostly perishable items which they are better suited to cross docking than others. Cross docking will ensure the freshness of those fruits that needs to be process. As the fruits needed to be kept in wooden crates and held in refrigerated cool rooms which the time required to be stored would decrease the lifespan of those fruits, therefore, fresh fruits is essential for Delicious Fruity Company which with this, ordering in large quantities and in large volumes would not work. The benefit that comes with this strategy would be cut down the time from the beginning of production which raw material could be deliver in a short period of time and the finished goods would be able to send out to customers faster which would keep the freshness of the fruit juice that brings out customer satisfaction. But to really implement this strategy, Delicious Fruity Company need to understand the demands in the market so that forecast would be carryout and accurate estimation of needs in the market would provide sufficient information to those local growers so that the quantity of each shipment can be send correctly and also the freshness of those fruits would be ensured. Joint Product Development One of the reasons that causes the General Manager, Ms Serena to make the wrong decision is because of insufficient information regarding Delicious Fruity Company. Ms Serena fail to make forecast of the market demand and focusing on only cost effectiveness and left the most important issue behind which is the equilibrium of the consumer market. Joint product development is an alliance between two or more parties in the supply chain. Delicious Fruity Company could implement this strategy with their retailers as retailers understands more on how consumer behave, this is because of retailers are the one who have daily contact with the final consumers and they share some of the customers’ preference by better understanding and keep up-date the consumers’ behaviour. With the help of Delicious Fruity Company’s partners such as Tesco, Giant and etc. Delicious Fruity Company should be able to forecast the demand of fruit juice beverage more accurate than before. Collaborative, Planning, Forecasting, Replenishment (CPFR) This strategy facilitate the demand forecasting process which the demand patterns and plan promotion activities for product were run cooperatively with supply chain partners. As CPFR not only just forecasting market demand and doing logistics stuff to help a firm, instead, it proactively articipate the whole process of business between the firm and its supply chain partners. For Example, may be the reason for bulk ordering to be fail is not cause by the inaccurate of forecasting market demand, but it is cause by the economic crisis that hits the consumers. Hence, if CPFR is about to implement, suppliers of raw materials would help in decreasing the price of fruits and the retailer of the company would introduce promotion to t he final consumers so that the market demand would not fall too sharply from normal season. There is a few steps that need to be followed while implementing CPFR which the first step would be Front-end agreement where participating company such as those local growers and retailers such as Jusco, Tesco agree to confidentiality and dispute resolution processes, develop a scorecard to track key supply chain metrics relative to success criteria, and establish any financial incentives or penalties. The second steps would be joint business plan where suppliers, retailers and also Delicious Fruity Company develop plans for promotions, inventory policy changes, store openings and closings, and product changes for each beverage category as to adopt the changes brought by CPFR. After that, retailers such as Tesco, and Delicious Fruity Company share consumer demand forecasts, and identify exceptions that occur when the plans that design do not match, or change dramatically. Delicious Fruity Company and their retailers resolve exceptions by determining causal factors, adjusting plans where necessary. This process is known as sales forecast collaboration. The next steps would be order forecast collaboration, which Delicious Fruity Company and its retailers and also raw material suppliers share the replenishment plan that had been design collaboratively with the retailer and then identify and resolving exceptions that would altered the initial plan. Finally, Order generation or delivery execution will be performed and the results from database of the retailer such as point of sales (POS), orders, shipment data and etc. s widely shared among supply chain partners. This would resolved the issue that mention before by this paper such as forecast accuracy problems, overstock or understock conditions, and execution issues. Challenges of Implementing Supply Chain Integration Although supply chain integration had been recognized as a successful strategy to manage the problem face during the operation process from a manufacturer to a retailer, however, there are issues and challenges that face by most of the industry to perform supply chain integration. Delicious Fruity Company need to overcome some of these barriers so that the implementation of supply chain integration would be successful. Trust would be the first element that a Delicious Fruity Company had to keep practising once the firm went into a supply chain integration which with if Delicious Fruity Company do not keep in faith in their suppliers, they will be unwilling to share data with their suppliers. In the end, the supply chain integration would not be able to perform. As a company is about to implement new policy, some stages of changes within the company will be required. As Delicious Fruity Company will implement this new strategy in the future, the management personal should consider the adaptiveness of the firm upon the implementation of new strategies. Besides that, there will be an increase in interdependency as Delicious Fruity Company engage in supply chain integration which suppliers, retailers and the firm are dependent on each other to survive in the market place. Yet, this interdependency would rise another issue which in reality there will be one or few parties or stakeholders in supply chain would better off and they enjoy the supply chain integration strategy the most, this situation been known as uneven partner benefit which Delicious Fruity Company needs to tame their emotion while they face such kinds of situation in reality. Lastly, most of the supply chain integration strategies requires extensive information technologies which Delicious Fruity Company need to equip themselves with hardware and software that is needed to implement a brand new supply chain integration policy. This would actually means that Delicious Fruity Company needs to allocate a large amount of cash flow as the restructuring cost that will be invested into the relationship with their supply chain partners. Conclusion Implementation of supply chain integration by Delicious Fruity Company is needed in order to keep up with its company vision which is ‘To become one of the leading company in fruit beverage manufacturers and develop healthy and high quality products to serve our customers. This is because of supply chain integration create more value for Delicious Fruity Company and also its customers, which can create stronger attraction for its products and services as extra competitive advantage. As stated in this proposal, where some of the practise of supply chain integration may lead Delicious Fruity Company to a better platform of serving their customers. But obstacles that faced by Delicious Fruity Company need to be overcome so that the successfulness of implementing suppl y chain integration strategy would be ensured.

The Signalman by Charles Dickens and The Darkness Out There by Penelope

"The Signalman" by Charles Dickens and "The Darkness Out There" by Penelope Lively Comparing 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens and 'The Darkness Out There' by Penelope Lively is an ideal way of looking at two authors from different times and backgrounds. Dickens, writing in the nineteenth century, would have had a very different audience to write for from Lively, writing in the twentieth century. Therefore, each author uses different techniques to create tension in the two pieces. During the nineteenth century there was a strong belief in ghosts and the spiritual world; telling ghost stories around the fireplace is often seen as a typical form of Victorian entertainment. Dickens draws on this tradition to create a short story that would have strongly appealed to readers of that time. Lively, however, is not writing for an audience that would enjoy a ghost story as much, therefore 'The Darkness Out There,' is not blatently a ghost story. To capture her readers' interests she instead uses the war and the attitudes to the Germans as a focus of concern. As Dickens lived in a time when the Queen was married to a man of German origin, war with Germany was very unlikely. This meant he had to use an alternate approach to draw the audience into the story. For this he used the recent invention of the steam train to gain a foothold into the reader's minds. This was already causing a lot of anxiety so it would have been easy to take advantage of the reader. He uses this approach to create tension. Another way the writers create tension is by exploring elements of the unknown. They both do this but in contrasting ways. In 'The Signalman,' the unknown is explicitly explored and it is obviously a ghost story from ... ...s and Lively create tension through their use of plot, characters, style and setting. The eerie "Packers End" matches the claustrophobia enhancing setting of 'The Signalman'. Dickens' anonymous characters of the narrator and the signalman keep the readers on edge in 'The Signalman,' whereas Sandra's naivety, Kerry's suspicious nature and Mrs Rutter's seeming innocence then the abrupt exposure of true character build up tension and surprise in 'The Darkness Out There.' Dickens' compacted plot works well to hold the reader's attention and the build up to Lively's final climax keeps her audience hooked to the end. On the whole both authors use events of their time well to create suspense. I feel that although Dickens appears to do this more effectively, the seeming normality yet the sense of unease about 'The Darkness Out There' creates just as much tension.

Evaluate Current Learning Theories Education Essay

To be able to name the theoretician involved with scientific discipline, and the 14 – 19 course of study, it would be more prudent to state that all the theoreticians in one manner or another, if looked at closely plenty would hold an input, from the behaviorists like Skinner, Pavlov and Watson, to Piaget and the Cognitive development theories, within scientific discipline Brunner with his societal constructivism is the more applicable, when it comes to border working, scaffolding and the spiralling course of study, with Vygotski and the socio cultural theories underpinning societal context, civilization, linguistic communication, equals, instructors and the Zone of Proximal Development theories. From the late 1980 ‘s, and the debut of the original national course of study, to present twenty-four hours, childhood experiences have changed drastically, with childhood demands traveling on at a enormous rate. The kid of today has a batch more to get by with in relation to the societal and economic facets of their lives, and as such for the first clip in twenty old ages there is some kind of lucidity about what will go on nationally, in relation to the 14-19 course of study and makings, to run into single student ‘s demands. The original debut of topics and cardinal phases, has now moved on in a positive way, with recent reappraisals in instruction of new specifications of AS and A degrees in September 2008, The debut of Diplomas in 2008, in 17 capable countries, has expanded the chances for academic makings, specific to an single students demands. With the debut of the new specifications for GCSE ‘s across the course of study in September 2009, the QCA began a procedure that will besides take to revised scientific discipline GCSE specifications from Sept 2011, These new specifications are to include, GCSE Science, GCSE Additional Science, GCSE Additional Applied Science, GCSE Biology and GCSE Physics. As portion of the wider alterations to GCSE scientific discipline, strategies of work such as Twenty First Century Science were designed ; these classs enabled the pupils to understanding the scientific discipline they experienced in mundane life. Looking at one country of scientific discipline in relation to the 14 – 19 course of study, it becomes evident that the model is designed on a spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , this is apparent from Key phase 3, with the unit, Organisms / Behaviour and wellness, in which cells are taught in the undermentioned form, Cells, Animal cells and Plant cells, Cells and their behavior, Cell tissues and Organ systems. At Key phase 4 cells are taught once more, constructing on constructs already established in Key phase 3 but utilizing Blooms Taxonomy ( Bloom 1956 ) , with units covered on Populating cells such as Bacteria which reproduce inside host cells ( Animal cells and works cells ) , White blood cells such as Phagocytes and Lymphocytes, Red blood cells incorporating Haemoglobin, Antibiotics which break down cell walls. Once A and AS degrees are studied, cells are revisited once more but at a much deeper degree of understanding, with Antibiotic Resistance, Differential Centrifugation – a method of dividing different cell organs of a cell so that they can be analysed, Analyzing cells with the usage of the Transmission Electron Microscope ( TEM ) or the Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) and Cell distinction. This spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , means that a complex thought can be built on, and understood, by revisiting the cardinal constructs of the topic, clip and clip once more as the student additions in experience and sees more of how scientific discipline can be related to experiences in the existent universe, utilizing constructs and apprehensions from each single key phase, chiefly to increase cognition of the construct taught, this model facilitates the demand for revisiting the basic cardinal constructs of the original stuff, as in cardinal phase 3 the initial constructs are an built-in portion of cardinal phase 4 and supra. This structural model can be related to a Social Constructivism theory from Bruner in his research on the development of kids in 1966, and subsequently developed into the Integration of the acquisition procedure at different degrees ( Bruner 1986 ) , with Bruner ‘s theory, he proposed three degrees of representation, Enactive Representation Iconic Representation ( image-based ) and Symbolic Representation ( language-based ) , in Bruner ‘s theory it is suggested that when faced with new capable stuff, to come on from an action based representation to an image based representation and finally linguistic communication based representation, it would be more accomplishable if the each clear phase was slackly incorporate, so each portion can be translated to the following 1 ( Bruner 1986 ) , as opposed to Piaget ‘s theory of ‘Stage-Theory of development ‘ , ( Beard 1969 ) and ( Crain 1992 ) , which has been summarised as: â€Å" Children of a given age are more likely to show similarity of ( mental ) structures than kids of different, ages † . ( Brown 1977, p.26 ) . Piaget ‘s epistemology has been characterised as ‘constructivist and relativist ‘ ( Pope & A ; Gilbert 1983, p.195 ) , and has been widely influential in Science Education ( Bliss1995 ) . Piaget demonstrated that kids who have non undertaken formal direction might still hold constructed their ain thoughts about phenomena they experience in the universe and their ain significances for words as they get linguistic communication e.g. , ( Piaget 1973, 1929 ) this can take to misconceptions within scientific discipline hence, although influential in scientific discipline, Piaget ‘s phases for ages theory is non every bit applicable to the modern twenty-four hours kid ‘s demands and hence the coveted affect is non accomplishable. With Bruner ‘s theory a clear nexus can be made with Bloom ‘s Taxonomy in which Benjamin Bloom suggested that the educational aims can be split down into three classs, Affective or associating to the experience of feeling or emotion, Psychomotor shown by physical accomplishments such as motion, sleight, strength, coordination, use, grace, and velocity, and the scientific procedure of idea known as Cognitive Theory, the terminal consequence is the creative activity of a more holistic signifier of instruction. ( Bloom1956 ) . This type of Taxonomy means that larning at the higher degrees is dependent on holding attained prerequisite cognition and accomplishments at lower degrees. An roll uping organic structure of research indicates that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and bordering ( gyrating course of study ) these to work engineering in prosecuting learning ends ; in structuring ( gyrating course of study ) , sequencing, pacing, monitoring and measuring acquisition, and in interceding interactions between kids and engineering, including through ‘guided find ‘ ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-43 ) As such Bruner was besides influential in the development of Vygotsky ‘s work on the socio-cultural and activity based theories ( Vygotsky 1986,1978 ) and ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) which suggested that constructs do non merely stand for a concatenation of associatory connexions assimilated by the memory of an automatic mental accomplishment, but a complicated and existent act of believing which can non be mastered by simple memorisation, ( Vygotsky 1934, p.356 ) and as such Vygotsky, saw that conceptual acquisition required an active engagement from the scholar, bespeaking there is a existent demand to look at the societal facet of acquisition and how schools every bit good as scientific discipline put the model and construction in topographic point for the acquisition procedure, with the execution of a socially mediated procedure ( Scott 1998, pp.45-80 ) .whereas Piaget, s theory were all based on internal influences of the head. Vygotsky believed that conceptual development involved a procedure of convergence as the concrete becomes abstracted, and the abstract is made concrete ( Vygotsky 1986 ) Over clip, self-generated constructs would get a formal construction and be unfastened to witting usage, and formal scientific constructs would germinate connexions with existent experience and external influences, ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) , so scientific constructs provide the models within which a scholar could go cognizant of his tacit self-generated constructs ( Crain 1992 ) , the gyrating course of study as suggested by Bruner tantrums suitably with this construct, as the kid additions in experiences of the existent universe so concepts taught at an earlier phase can be consolidated and built on, with reviews and callback exercisings utilised suitably by the instructor. To summarize the thought of conceptual larning a paper from Elisabeth H. Wiig & A ; Karl M. Wiig, on conceptual acquisition suggests that we expect that an effectual acquisition procedure will supply appropriate content and prepare scholars to: â€Å" Function intelligently in the undertakings in front. When these undertakings involve farther larning, we expect that during the earlier learning phases, scholars will hold built mental theoretical accounts, constructs, books, schemes, associations, positions, schemes, and so on – anterior cognition – sufficiently good to construct extra cognition efficaciously † . ( Wigg 1999 ) . Science lessons in schools show this procedure with the 14 – 19 course of study and instruction schemes are put in topographic point to present an thought or a construct by patterning so constructing on that really construct to more higher systematic maps such as analysing, measuring and making. When lessons were observed it was noted that the theory of conceptual acquisition works good within the scientific scene, with the instructor foremost patterning a construct or experiment to demo how the capable stuff non merely fits in within the large image of the strategy of plants, but can besides pull on the students, as a group or persons, ain experiences of the topic in the existent universe, or in relation to issues that straight affect the student and as such, in the procedure deriving their involvement in the topic, a twelvemonth 10 group is a good illustration of this, when making Applied Science, the healthy human organic structure faculty, one subdivision on the cells of the air sac, and transportation of O and waste gases, straight related to the consumption of coffin nail fume and the at hand harm that is caused by the dislocation of the air sac cell wall construction. This was modelled utilizing straws and balloons so starting the balloon so the surface country of the balloon was reduced and therefore the available gas transportation country reduced. Concepts of cell construction was recapped on anterior larning so built on with gaseous transportation through the cell wall in relation to come up country, with the modeling construct and the spiralling course of study principle the hard construct was easy for the students to associate excessively. As per suggestions from, ( Wigg 1999 ) , earlier acquisition had been achieved with mental theoretical accounts built, constructs of cell constructions introduced, books and keywords instigated, schemes or preconceived thoughts of the procedure of respiration is amalgamate or any misconceptions dispelled and a organized form of idea was established with the mental frame work focus oning around the specific subject of gas exchanges within the healthy human organic structure and the input of potentially unsafe carcinogenic stuffs, utilizing positions constructed by student group treatments and anterior cognition both from an educational beginning and a societal beginning climaxing in constructing extra cognition efficaciously. Whole lessons used Bruner ‘s theory, that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and frame working the lesson so anterior cognition could be accessed and built on by all students, ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-34 ) . Guided Discovery was utilised in the lesson, non merely by the instructor, in the activity of patterning the construct but besides by utilizing a theory from ( Driver and Easley 1978, pp.61-84 ) , which focused on the scholar ‘s active function in building their personal cognition, backed up by a paper written In 1982, when Gilbert ( UK ) , Fensham ( Australia ) and Osborne ( NZ ) published a paper sing ‘children ‘s scientific discipline ‘ , where results were dependent on anterior cognition established on a subject with consequences bespeaking a ‘unified scientific result ‘ , where the erudite significances closely matched that intended. ( Gilbert, J.K. , Osborne, R.J. & A ; FenshamP.J. 1982, pp.630-1 ) , This learning scheme works good with groups of assorted ability students but can fall down when used on an single degree, as each students experiences within a societal context is different, dependent on legion variables such as geographical loca tion, economic position, equal force per unit areas and most of import the person ‘s ain knowledge degree, or how the single moves from the procedure of idea on to cognize, this leads back to the instructor utilizing guided find and doing certain that advanced instruction methods are utilized, based on the acquisition and apprehension of the cardinal constructs of scientific discipline. Whilst looking at the societal facet of larning it is prudent to advert Vygosky ‘s work on the Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD, ( Vygostky ‘s 1986 ) in which a scholars ZPD can be classed as the noticeable alteration between from what a scholar can make or accomplish, without aid and what the scholar can make with aid, this can be either from a instructor led activity or equal mentoring. Vygotsky ‘s theory on zone of proximal development can be interpreted as: â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel, or in coaction with more capable equals † . ( Vygotsky 1978, p.86 ) . This theory has been criticised by legion theoreticians, as idealist idea with defects in his work, what impact would an overbearing parent have on a kid ‘s development, or the kid that expected aid when it was non needed utilizing the equal as an educational crutch, ( Santrock 2004, pp. 200-255 ) , In a schoolroom scene, every bit good as the whole school scene, it has been noted that ZPD is highly of import, and is utilised in all categories non merely scientific discipline, with many categories being of assorted ability across the course of study runing from low ability pupils to gifted and talented students, sometimes integrating students with Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) , such as reading, composing or linguistic communication barriers to larn, this means that it ‘s non merely the instructors that are utilized to steer a pupils acquisition, but other members of the schools staff such as Teaching Assistants, support staff and members of the Pastoral system. Gi fted and talented students or students of a high degree of proximal development can be utilised within a assorted group category to reenforce larning for lower ability students and in the procedure consolidating their ain degree of understanding by callback and account of the topic frequently utilizing linguistic communication that is more accessible to the lower ability student, in crisp contrast to the benefits of equal mentoring or acquisition, the booby traps could show jobs of their ain with low ability pupils in groups trusting on the higher ability students to make the work and as such they make no advancement, this was observed in categories on legion occasions when posting work or experimentation was carried out with, the lower ability pupil be givening to make the lower taxonomy undertakings such as clip maintaining or coloring, whilst go forthing the higher taxonomy undertakings such as anticipations and decisions to the higher ability student, this tendency can besides b e translated into grownup equal mentoring, with the force per unit area of school marks, particularly in the kingdom of coursework where the student refuses to utilize independent idea, and as such the equal virtually dictates what the student should make to bring forth a finished piece of work for rating, stating that ZPD decently instigated and supervised can be an priceless tool in the instructors toolkit, this premise is backed up by other educational professionals who believe: â€Å" The function of instruction to be to supply kids with experiences which are in their ZPD thereby promoting and progressing their single acquisition † . ( Berk and Winsler 1995, p. 24 ) . As portion of making a safe environment within the scientific discipline schoolroom, to heighten students larning, behaviorism is an built-in portion of the instructors thought procedure, with cases of minor breaks and inappropriate behavior monitored and learning schemes adjusted consequently. Most inappropriate behavior issues in the scientific discipline environment can be related back to a theory by Bandura who through observation and imitation, looked at personality as being closely related to the environment, behavior, and the individual ‘s psychological processes.A Bandura postulated, along with other behaviorist psychologists, and societal acquisition ( SL ) theorists that all behavior is learned and that the individual, the behavior, every bit good as the environment were all closely connected, to make acquisition in an person, ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , this hypothesis was developed over many old ages with modeling as an of import portion of his surveies and observ ations, Bandura described the primary function of patterning is to speed up command by supplying the scholar with a theoretical account to copy. ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , with Bandura ‘s celebrated Bobo Doll surveies, in which one of his pupils was given an inflatable buffoon doll, weighted at the underside, and instructed to kick, clout and hit the doll with an inflatable cock, whilst she was filmed, the movie was later shown to a group of Kinder garden kids, who intelligibly exhaustively enjoyed watching the grownups jokes, and when instructed that it was playtime, proceeded to the rumpus room, which purposefully contained legion Bobo dolls and inflatable cocks, the kids instantly proceeded to copy the jokes of the grownup by reproducing precisely the same actions and linguistic communication of the grownup, ( Bandura, Ross, and Ross 1961, pp.575-582 ) , although pertinent, the theory has defects, in that the doll is really designed to maintain resiling back as a beginni ng of amusement for kids and as such the kids will see this procedure as a game to be enjoyed, but this Social Learning Theory can hold deductions within the scientific discipline schoolroom, as all experiments are modelled by the instructor and if non modelled right so any inappropriate instruction will be modelled or mimicked by the students, hence, supplying that the capable affair is modelled, structured and pitched at the right degree most behaviour issues can be avoided. Another outstanding theoretician on behaviorism is Burrhus Frederic Skinner, an American psychologist who came up with the theory of operant conditioning, as opposed to Pavlov ‘s theory of classical conditioning, in which the topic carries out a signifier of associated acquisition ( Pavlov 1927,1960 ) , operant conditioning is the usage of extrinsic or intrinsic motive to modify behavior, and is broken down into two chief classs, positive support which occurs when a student is accomplishing the instructor demands and can be in the simplest of signifiers such as congratulations or a wages that the student conceives as pleasant and so continues the criterions that are required, both methods are normally used in schools to advance god behavior in the procedure making a safe acquisition environment with encouraging consequences observed in students behaviour forms, reviews of Skinners theories are chiefly associated with the comparatively new field of Neuroscience, in which theoret icians claim that there is a direct nexus between larning and cognitive procedures, disparaged by other Psychologists as to whether encephalon scanning has told us anything utile about cognitive neuroscience as yet ( Coltheart 2006 ) , a good computer science metaphor for reviews is: â€Å" No sum of cognition about the hardware of a computing machine will state you anything serious about the nature of the package that the computing machine runs. In the same manner, no facts about the activity of the encephalon could be used to corroborate or rebut some information-processing theoretical account of knowledge † . ( Coltheart 2004, p.22 ) On lesson observations and learning undertaken, it was observed that elements of all the theories worked, but with burden on the instructor seting the right schemes in topographic point for single scholars every bit good as group acquisition. Forefront of every instructors mind, is the Every Child Matters docket, which is underpinned in one manner or another by all the theoreticians, but by far the most influential must be Maslow who developed a: â€Å" Hierarchy of demands † . ( Maslow 1943, pp.370-96 ) . And as such has lasted the instruction ages, after being dispelled to go the outstanding force, driving the demands of the modern twenty-four hours kid. Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands contains five degrees, physiological, safety, love/ belonging, regard and self- realization in that go uping order and if the scaffolded pyramid is used in concurrence with the theoreticians aforementioned so the instruction and good being of any kid is able to come on at the needed gait. Word Count – 3204

Global Warming Essay

This essay is based on Global warming and the cause and effect of it. â€Å"Global warming I define as an increase in the earth’s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution. Increase in the global average surface temperature resulting from enhancement of the greenhouse effect, primarily by air pollution† (Merriam-Webster, 2013). In â€Å"2007 the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change forecasted that by 2100 global average surface temperatures would increase 3. 2–7. 2  °F (1. 8–4.  °C), depending on a range of scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions, and stated that it was now 90 percent certain that most of the warming observed over the previous half century could be attributed to greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities (i. e. , industrial processes and transportation). Many scientists predict that such an increase in temperature would cause polar ice caps and mountain glaciers to melt rapidly, significantly raising the levels of coastal waters, and would produce new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall, seriously disrupting food production in certain regions† (Wojtal-frankiewicz, 2012). Other scientists maintain that such predictions are overstated. The 1992 Earth Summit and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change attempted to address the issue of global warming, but in both cases the efforts were hindered by conflicting national economic agendas and disputes between developed and developing nations over the cost and consequences of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases† (Kitson, 2011). To begin, the evidence to this article in Wikipedia that show the originality s the use of departmental organization that show the cause of global warming. This organization is known as (UNFCCC), they highlighted some Global warming controversy. It also showed a pie chart which indicate that glaciers have been retreating since the early 1800s. In the 1950s measurements began that allow the monitoring of glacial mass balance, reported to the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). Moreover the bibliography was also stated to show where the inform ation was came from. Where some of it was from official people with a higher state of position. Information on this article was also picked from books and journals and a full bibliography was provided for it. Looking at this, it can be said that the information was neutral and not a made up one. In addition, the article also has detailed factual information that was the use of another pie chart that indicates the â€Å"Contribution of natural factors and human activities to radiative forcing of climate change. Radiative forcing values are for the year 2005, relative to the pre-industrial era (1750). The contribution of solar irradiance to radiative forcing is 5% the value of the combined radiative forcing due to increases in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide†. This stratices was formed in a project known as IPCC. The article seems to be neutral and unbiased due to the use of quotation and picture with a full proper bibliography. The article is similar to our text book as it has the similar format of writing. These are the use of table of content, title, subheading and bibliography. Thus, the information that was in the article was relevant to the topic that I chose. Moreover, some of the addition information that was it the article was the use of the diagrams to show the greenhouse effect. It shows Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and earth’s surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter. The article also has used the different language that is for better understand to those who does not know much in English. Thus, the article could have used pie chart and line graph to show the increase in the sea level due to global warming. It also should have discussed a country that is mostly affected due to global warming. Final, Wikipedia is not a favourable web site due to some of its features that allow anyone to edit it anytime. The most dangerous feature is the edit button in it. Thus, the overall article was well structured with having least error in it. It was also simple and straight forward to make it user friendly. This was the use of table, pictures and number to add simplicity to the article. The article has some complex situations where it uses different language. So that people can read the article in their own language.

The School of Athens essays

The School of Athens essays Raphaels School of Athens is considered by many modern art historians to be the absolute masterpiece of the Renaissance. It is the perfect pictorial counterpart to the enormous changes in thinking that came about in the 1300s as a result of economic and technological developments. Its rational perspective and secular subject matter embody the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture. The new emphasis on individual thought and expression is also evident in the paintings focus on reason. The Renaissance, which modern scholars place between 1300 and 1600, marks a period of rapid growth and development in Western Europe. In the late Middle Ages, population growth and contact with other cultures through military efforts, such as the Crusades, brought about a revival of commercial trade. Italian merchants began to exchange luxury goods and other commodities, such as fish, furs, and metals, in the Mediterranean and across the North and Baltic seas. Towns began to grow and prosper along the major trade routes, and by the late 1300s, these towns became important and wealthy commercial centers. Towns like Florence, Venice, Milan, and Genoa developed into prosperous city-states that became the centers of thought and culture in the Renaissance. Trade allowed Italians to experience the world beyond their city limits and created an environment that was more open to new ideas and to innovation and experimentation. This exchange of ideas set the stage for the monumental cha nges in artistic, social, scientific, and political thought that came about during the Renaissance. The word renaissance literally means rebirth. The idea of rebirth refers to a revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. During the Middle Ages, people had been guided by the teachings of the church and were mainly concerned with actions that would lead them to heavenly rewards. Since books were ha...

Definition and Examples of Interior Monologues

Definition and Examples of Interior Monologues In both fiction and nonfiction, an interior monologue is the expression of a characters thoughts, feelings, and impressions in a narrative. An interior monologue may be either direct or indirect: direct, in which the author seems not to exist and the interior self of the character is given directly, as though the reader were overhearing an articulation of the stream of thought and feeling flowing through the characters mind;indirect, in which the author serves as selector, presenter, guide, and commentator. (W. Harmon and H. Holman, A Handbook to Literature, 2006) Interior Monologues in Fiction   I looked into the reception room. It was empty of everything but the smell of dust. I threw up another window, unlocked the communicating door and went into the room beyond. Three hard chairs and a swivel chair, flat desk with a glass top, five green filing cases, three of them full of nothing, a calendar and a framed license bond on the wall, a phone, a washbowl in a stained wood cupboard, a hatrack, a carpet that was just something on the floor, and two open windows with net curtains that puckered in and out like the lips of a toothless old man sleeping.The same stuff I had had last year, and the year before that. Not beautiful, not gay, but better than a tent on the beach.(Raymond Chandler, The High Window, 1942)How much better is silence; the coffee cup, the table. How much better to sit by myself like the solitary sea-bird that opens its wings on the stake. Let me sit here for ever with bare things, this coffee cup, this knife, this fork, things in themselves, myself being m yself. Do not come and worry me with your hints that it is time to shut the shop and be gone. I would willingly give all my money that you should not disturb me but let me sit on and on, silent, alone. (Virginia Woolf, The Waves, 1931) Interior Monologue in Tom Wolfe's Nonfiction [I]nterior monologue is appropriate with nonfiction, provided theres fact to back it up. We cant get into a characters head because we suppose, or imagine, or deduce thats what he or she would be thinking. We have to know!See how Tom Wolfe does it in his book about the space program, The Right Stuff. At the outset he explained that his style was developed to grab the readers attention, to absorb them. . . . He wanted to get into the heads of his characters, even if this was nonfiction. And so, at an astronauts press conference, he quotes a reporters question on who was confident about coming back from space. He describe the astronauts looking at one another and hoisting their hands in the air. Then, hes into their heads: It really made you feel like an idiot, raising your hand this way. If you didnt think you were coming back, then you would really have to be a fool or a nut to have volunteered at all. . . . He goes on for a full page, and in writing this way Wolfe has transcended usual nonfiction style; hes offered characterization and motivation, two fiction writing techniques that can bring the reader in lockstep with the writer. Interior monologue provides a chance to see inside the heads of characters, and we know that the more familiar a reader is with a character, the more the reader embraces that character. (William Noble, Writing Nonfiction- Using Fiction. The Portable Writers Conference, 2nd ed., ed. by Stephen Blake Mettee. Quill Driver, 2007) Stylistic Characteristics of Interior Monologue Sentence fragments may be treated as interior monologue (direct speech) or regarded as part of an adjoining stretch of free  indirect speech.Interior monologue may also contain traces of non-verbal thought. While more formal interior monologue uses the first-person pronoun and finite verbs in the present tense, He [Stephen] lifted his feet up from the suck [of the sand] and turned back by the mole of boulders. Take all, keep all. My soul walks with me, form of forms. [. . .] The flood is following me. I can watch it flow past from here. (Ulysses iii; Joyce 1993: 37; my emphasis) In Ulysses James Joyce conducts more radical experiments with the form of the interior monologue, especially in his representation of the thoughts of Leopold Bloom and his wife, Molly. He eschews full sentences with finite verbs in favour of incomplete, often verbless syntagms which simulate Blooms mental leaps as he associates ideas: Hymes jotting down something in his notebook. Ah, the names. But he knows them all. No: coming to me. - I am just taking the names, Hynes said below his breath. What is your christian name? Im not sure. In this example, Blooms impressions and speculations are confirmed by Hynes remarks. (Monika Fludernik, An Introduction to Narratology. Routledge, 2009) Stream of Consciousness and Interior Monologue Although stream of consciousness and interior monologue are often used interchangeably, the former is the more general term. Interior monologue, strictly defined, is a type of stream of consciousness. As such, it presents a characters thoughts, emotions, and fleeting sensations to the reader. Unlike stream of consciousness more generally, however, the ebb and flow of the psyche revealed by interior monologue typically exists at a pre- or sublinguistic level, where images and the connotations they evoke supplant the literal denotative meanings of words. (Ross Murfin and Supryia M. Ray, The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2nd ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2003)

Why are passwords and other good information security technologies Essay

Why are passwords and other good information security technologies compromised by the people who use them What can we do to improve their contribution to information security - Essay Example Password attacks can be implemented by means of numerous diverse techniques, involving Trojan horse programs, brute-force attacks, packet sniffers and IP spoofing. While IP spoofing and packet sniffers are able to produce user accounts and passwords, password harasses usually refer to frequent efforts to recognize an user account and password; these repeated cracks are called brute-force attacks (Johnson, 2007). By means of the term information security we recognize an intellect of possible risks implicated in the sensitivity of the information. With information technologies coming into the view the image broadens its limits. At this instant it turns out to be essential to recognize the nature of hazard involved and next there should be a well-formulated description of the term safety itself (Rantasaari et al, 2003). In broad sense, there are necessarily three sides of the term security. Primarily, it shows the accessibility of assets, though material or virtual, that is beneath possession of an entity or grouping. Secondly, there is a sense of privacy involved in this practice in view to these assets, in this case data, dealings and communication. Third and as a final point, there should be an awareness of truthfulness which allows the user or users to consider in the context of security (Goldwasser et al, 2007). Here I will explain how passwords and other good information security technologies compromised by the people who use them. The first factor that usually causes the security leak is the sharing of the password by the people with anyone for any purpose. Passwords should not be shared with anyone because it can be casuse of information and data theaft and there is danger of accessing another individual’s protected resources, accounts and personal records. Anothre reason is not changing the passwords periodically. If we do not